Vaccinated Page 26

  Kiryas Joel: M. Hill, "Hasidic Enclave Has Growing Pains in Suburbia," Associated Press, September 11, 2004.

  Werzberger hepatitis A vaccine study: A. Werzberger, B. Mensch, B. Kuter, L. Brown, J. Lewis, R. Sitrin, W. Miller, D. Shouval, B. Wiens, G. Calandra, J. Ryan, P. Provost, and D. Nalin, "A Controlled Trial of a Formalin-Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Healthy Children," New England Journal of Medicine 327 (1992): 453–57.

  Leonard Hayflick persecution: P. M. Boffey, "The Fall and Rise of Leonard Hayflick," New York Times, January 19, 1982; L. Hayflick, "WI–38: From Purloined Cells to National Policy," Current Contents, January 15, 1990; N. Wade, "Hayflick's Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of a Human Cell Line," Science 192 (1976): 125–27; C. Holden, "Hayflick Case Settled," Science 215 (1982): 271; B. L. Strehler, "Hayflick-NIH Settlement," Science 215 (1982): 240–42.

  Blood

  Joan Staub and Bert Peltier were interviewed on May 15, 2006, and January 11, 2005, respectively.

  AIDS cluster: D. M. Auerbach, W. W. Darrow, H. W. Jaffe, and J. W. Curran, "Cluster of Cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Patients Linked by Sexual Contact," American Journal of Medicine 76 (1984): 4 87–92.

  Gaetan Dugas: R. Shilts, And the Band Played On (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).

  Hepatitis B disease: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines.

  Blumberg background: B. S. Blumberg, "The Discovery of the Hepatitis B Virus and the Invention of the Vaccine: A Scientific Memoir," Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 17 (2002): S502; Hall of Fame, Inventor Profile, "Vaccine against Viral Hepatitis and Process: Process of Viral Diagnosis and Reagent Vaccine for Hepatitis B," http://www.invent.org.hall_of_ fame/17.html; P. Wortsman, "Profile: Baruch Blumberg '51," P & S Journal 16, no. 1 (Winter 1996); F. Blank, "76 Revolutionary Minds," phillymag. com, http://www.phillymag.com/Archives/ 2001Nov/smart_2.html; "Baruch S. Blumberg," http://britannica.com/nobel/micro/74_63.html; "Baruch S. Blumberg: Autobiography," http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1976/ Blumberg-autobio.html; "The Hepatitis B Story," http://www.beyond discovery.org.

  Blumberg hepatitis studies: B. S. Blumberg, "Polymorphisms of the Serum Proteins and the Development of Iso-Precipitins in Transfused Patients," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 40 (1964): 377–86; B. S. Blumberg, J. S. Gerstley, D. A. Hungerford, et al., "A Serum Antigen (Australia Antigen) in Down's Syndrome, Leukemia, and Hepatitis," Annals of Internal Medicine 66 (1967): 924–31; B. S. Blumberg, A. I. Sutnick, and W. T. London, "Hepatitis and Leukemia: Their Relation to Australia Antigen," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 44 (1968): 1566–86; B. S. Blumberg, "Australia Antigen and the Biology of Hepatitis B: Nobel Lecture," December 13, 1976. 119 Prince hepatitis study: A. M. Prince, "An Antigen Detected in the Blood During the Incubation Period of Serum Hepatitis," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 60 (1968): 814–21.

  Krugman background: Saul Krugman: Physician, scientist, teacher, 1911–1995, http://library.med.nyu.edu/library/eresources/featuredcollections/ krugman/html.

  Krugman Willowbrook studies: S. Krugman and R. Ward, "Clinical and Experimental Studies of Infectious Hepatitis," Pediatrics 22 (1958): 1016–22; S. Krugman, J. P. Giles, and J. Hammond, "Viral Hepatitis, Type B (MS–2 Strain): Studies on Active Immunization," Journal of the American Medical Association 217 (1971): 41–45; S. Krugman, J. P. Giles, and J. Hammond, "Hepatitis Virus: Effect of Heat on the Infectivity and Antigenicity of the MS–1 and MS–2 Strains," Journal of Infectious Diseases 122 (1970): 432–36; S. Krugman, "The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects," Reviews of Infectious Diseases 8 (1986): 157–62.

  Seymour Thaler: Radetsky, Invaders.

  Hilleman blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine studies: M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, et al., "Purified and Inactivated Human Hepatitis B Vaccine," American Journal of the Medical Sciences 270 (1975): 401–4;E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, A. A. Tytell, A. U. Bertland, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Development and Chimpanzee Testing of a Vaccine against Human Hepatitis B," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 151 (1976): 694–700; E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, A. A. Tytell, A. U. Bertland, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccine against Human Hepatitis B," Journal of the American Medical Association 235 (1976): 2832–34; E. Tabor, E. Buynak, L. A. Smallwood, P. Snoy, M. Hilleman, and R. Gerety, "Inactivation of Hepatitis B Virus by Three Methods: Treatment with Pepsin, Urea, or Formalin," Journal of Medical Virology 11 (1983): 1–9.

  Alter quote: Radetsky, Invaders.

  Vagelos quote: Symposium in honor of Maurice R. Hilleman, American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

  Jeryl Hilleman quote: Ibid.

  Wolf Szmuness: Radetsky, Invaders.

  Szmuness hepatitis B vaccine study: W. Szmuness, C. E. Stevens, E. J. Harley, E. A. Zang, W. R. Oleszko, D. C. William, R. Sadovsky, J. M. Morrison, and A. Kellner, "Hepatitis B Vaccine: Demonstration of Efficacy in a Controlled Clinical Trial in a High-Risk Population in the United States," New England Journal of Medicine 303 (1980): 833–41.

  Cantwell: A. Cantwell Jr., AIDS and the Doctors of Death (Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1988).

  Relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and AIDS: "Current Trends in Hepatitis B Vaccine: Evidence Confirming Lack of AIDS Transmission," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33 (1984): 685–87.

  Boyer and Cohen: "Biotechnology at 25: The Founders," http://bancroft. berkeley.Edu/Exhibits/Biotech/25.html; "Robert Swanson and Herbert Boyer: Giving Birth to Biotech," BusinessWeek Online, http://www.businessweek. com/magazine/content/04_42/b3904017_mz072.htm; "A Historical Timeline: Cracking the Code of Life," http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/timeline_3.html; "Who Made America?: Herbert Boyer: Biotechnology," http://www. pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/boyer_hi.html; 1973, "Herbert Boyer (1936–) and Stanley Cohen (1936–) Develop Recombinant DNA Technology, Showing That Genetically Engineered DNA Molecules May Be Cloned in Foreign Cells," Genome News Network, http://www.genomenews network.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php; "Shaping Life in the Lab: The Boom in Genetic Engineering," Time, March 9, 1981; "Herbert Boyer (1936–)," http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Herbert_ Boyer.html; "The Birth of Biotech," Technology Review.com; http://www.technology review.com/articles/00/07/trailing0700.asp; "Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer," http://www.nobel-prize-winners.com/cohen/cohen.html; "Herbert W. Boyer, PhD," Forbes.com; Inventor of the Week Archive, "Cloning of Genetically Engineered Molecules," http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/boyercohen.html.

  Hilleman recombinant hepatitis B vaccine studies: P. Valenzuela, A. Medina, W. J. Rutter, G. Ammerer, and B. D. Hall, "Synthesis and Assembly of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Particles in Yeast," Nature 298 (1982): 347–50; W. J. McAleer, E. B. Buynak, R. Z. Maigetter, D. E. Wampler, W. J. Miller, and M. R. Hilleman, "Human Hepatitis B Vaccine from Recombinant Yeast," Nature 307 (1984): 178–80; M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and E. M. Scolnick, "Recombinant Yeast Human Hepatitis B Vaccine," Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association 37 (1985): 75–85; M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and E. M. Scolnick, "Research on Hepatitis B Vaccine Continues Unabated," Medical Progress, August 1985: 49–51; M. R. Hilleman, "Recombinant Yeast Hepatitis B Vaccine," Development of Biological Standards 63(1986): 57–62; M. R. Hilleman and R. Ellis, "Vaccines Made from Recombinant Yeast Cells," Vaccine 4 (1986): 75–76; M. R. Hilleman, "Present and Future Control of Human Hepatitis B by Vaccination, in Modern Biotechnology and Health: Perspectives for the Year 2000 (New York: Academic Press, 1987); M. R. Hilleman, "Present Status of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine," Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 29 (1988): 8B–15B; M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccines in Perspective: Human Hepatitis B Vaccines, the First Subunit Recombinant Viral Vaccines," in Current Topics in Biomedical Research, ed. R. Kurth and W. K. Schwerdtfeger (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1992), 145–61; M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccine Perspectives from the Vantage of Hepatitis B," Vaccine Research 1 (1992): 1–15; M. R. Hilleman, "Three Decades of Hepatitis Vaccinology in Historic Pe
rspective: A Paradigm for Successful Pursuits," in Plotkin and Fantini, Vaccinia; M. R. Hilleman, "Critical Overview and Outlook: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma caused by Hepatitis B virus," Vaccine 21 (2003): 4626–49.

  Impact of hepatitis B vaccine: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines; "Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage among Adults: United States, 2004," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55 (2006): 509–11.

  Starzl quote: Symposium in honor of Maurice R. Hilleman, American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

  NOTES 231

  Animalcules

  Robert Austrian was interviewed on February 18, 2005, and September 14, 2006. Much of the information about pneumococcus and pneumococcal vaccine can be found in Austrian, Pneumococcus.

  Discovery of gold in South Africa: "Three Georges Strike Paydirt," http:// www.joburg.org.za/facts/georges.stm; "Joburg's Hidden History," http:// www.goldreefcity.co.za/theme_park/joburgs_hidden_history.asp; "Johannesburg: History," http://www.southafrica-travel.net/north/a1johb01.htm.

  Krüger: "Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger," http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/President_Kruger.

  Pneumococcal pneumonia in gold miners: Austrian, Pneumococcus.

  Robert Koch: D. S. Burke, "Of Postulates and Peccadilloes: Robert Koch and Vaccine (Tuberculin) Therapy for Tuberculosis," Vaccine 11 (1993): 795–804; "Robert Koch," http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/robert_koch. htm; "Robert Koch: Biography," Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html.

  Roux, Yersin, Behring, and Ramon: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines; Plotkin and Fantini, Vaccinia.

  Thalidomide: R. Brynner and T. Stephens, Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and Its Revival as a Vital Medicine (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2001).

  Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act amendments: "The Story of the Laws behind the Labels: Part II. 1938—The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Part III. 1962 Drug Amendments," FDA Consumer, June 1981.

  Almroth Wright: M. Dunhill, The Plato of Praed Street: The Life and Times of Almroth Wright (London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2002); "The Life and Times of Almroth Wright," Biomedical Scientist, March 2002.

  Gerhard Domagk: "Gerhard Domagk," NobelPrize.org, http://nobel prize.org.medicine/laureates/1939/domagk-bio.html.

  Perrin Long: J. F. Worthington, "The Guys and Us," Hopkins Medicine Magazine, Spring/Summer 2005.

  Colin MacLeod pneumococcal vaccine studies: C. M. MacLeod, R. G. Hodges, M. Heidelberger, and W. G. Bernhard, "Prevention of Pneumococcal Pneumonia by Immunization with Specific Capsular Polysaccharides," Journal of Experimental Medicine 82 (1945): 445–65.

  An Uncertain Future

  Adel Mahmoud and Art Caplan were interviewed on May 26, 2006, and March 10, 2005, respectively. An excellent summary of Andrew Wakefield, the MMR vaccine, and autism can be found in Fitzpatrick, MMR and Autism.

  HPV vaccine: R. Steinbrook, "The Potential of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines," New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 1109–12; M. Schiffman and P. E. Castle, "The Promise of Global Cervical-Cancer Prevention," New England Journal of Medicine 353(2005): 2101–4; C. P. Crum, "The Beginning of the End for Cervical Cancer?" New England Journal of Medicine 34 (2002):1703–5; L. A. Koutsky, K. A. Ault, C. M. Wheeler, et al., "A Controlled Trial of a Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Vaccine," New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 1645–51.

  "Fry on the tarmac": Interview with senior executive at Merck, 2004.

  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: S. Okie, "Global Health: The Gates-Buffett Effect," New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 1084–88.

  Hilleman MMR studies: E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, J. E. Whitman, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines," Journal of the American Medical Association 207 (1969): 2259–62; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Rubella-Mumps Virus Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies," Journal of the American Medical Association 216 (1971): 983–86; J. Stokes Jr., R. E. Weibel, V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Trivalent Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies," Journal of the American Medical Association 218 (1971): 57–61; V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles-Rubella Vaccine: Findings in Clinical-Laboratory Studies," Journal of Pediatrics 79 (1971): 599–604; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Measurement of Immunity Following Live Mumps (5 Years), Measles (3 Years), and Rubella (2 1/2 Years) Virus Vaccines," Pediatrics 49 (1972): 334–41; J. M. Borgoño, R. Greiber, G. Solari, F. Concha, B. Carrillo, and M. R. Hilleman, "A Field Trial of Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: Satisfactory Immunization with 188 Children in Chile," Clinical Pediatrics 12 (1973): 170–72; R. E. Weibel, V. M. Villarejos, G. Hernández, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Combined Live Measles-Mumps Virus Vaccine," Archives of Disease in Childhood 48 (1973): 532–36; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, J. Stokes Jr., and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Immunity Following Monovalent and Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines," Pediatrics 51 (1973): 467–75; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Long-Term Follow-Up for Immunity after Monovalent or Combined Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines," Pediatrics 56 (1975): 380–87; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Antibody after Administration of Monovalent and Combined Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines," Pediatrics 61 (1978): 5–11; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Follow-Up Surveillance for Antibody in Human Subjects Following Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 162(1979): 328–32; W. J. McAleer, H. Z. Markus, A. A. McLean, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Stability on Storage at Various Temperatures of Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines in New Stabilizer," Journal of Biological Standardization 8 (1980): 281–87; R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, R. R. Roehm, and M. R. Hilleman, "Persistence of Antibody in Human Subjects for 7 to 10 Years Following Administration of Combined Live Attenuated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccines," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 165 (1980): 260–63; R. E. Weibel, A. J. Carlson, V. M. Villarejos, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical and Laboratory Studies of Combined Live Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines Using the RA27/3 Rubella Virus," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 165 (1980): 323–26.

  Wakefield study in Lancet: A. J. Wakefield, S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, et al., "Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children," Lancet 351 (1998): 637–41.

  Wakefield description: Fitzpatrick, MMR and Autism.

  Shermer quote: Shermer, Weird Things.

  Four-month-old child with seizures prior to vaccine: Interview with nurse practitioner at Kids First-Haverford pediatric practice, 2004.

  Deaths from measles following Wakefield report: Public Health Laboratory Service, "Measles Outbreak in London," Communicable Disease Report CDR Weekly 12 (2002): 1; T. Peterkin, "Alert over 60 Percent Rise in Measles," London Daily Telegraph, May 12, 2003; B. Lavery, "As Vaccination Rates Decline in Ireland, Cases of Measles Soar," New York Times, February 8, 2003; Fragile Immunity, video produced by PATH, narrated by Ian Holm, 2004.

  Burton hearings: Autism: Present Challenges, Future Needs: Why the Increased Rates? Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, 106th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001).

  MMR-autism studies: R. T. Chen and F. De Stefano, "Vaccine Adverse Events: Causal of Coincidental?" Lancet 351 (1968): 611–12; B. Taylor, E. Miller, C. P. Farrington, et al., "Autism and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: No Epidemiological Evidence for a Causal A
ssociation," Lancet 353 (1999): 2026–29; C. P. Farrington, E. Miller, and B. Taylor, "MMR and Autism: Further Evidence against a Causal Association," Vaccine 19 (2001): 3632–35; R. L. Davis, P. Kramarz, K. Bohlke, et al., "Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Other Measles-Containing Vaccines Do Not Increase the Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 155 (2001): 354–59; J. A. Kaye, M. Melero-Montes, and H. Jick, "Mumps, Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by General Practitioners: A Time Trend Analysis," British Medical Journal 322 (2001): 460–63; L. Dales, S. J. Hammer, and N. J. Smith, "Time Trends in Autism and in MMR Immunization Coverage in California," Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 1183–85; E. Fombonne and S. Chakrabarti, "No Evidence for a New Variant of Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Induced Autism," Pediatrics 108 (2001): E58; K. Stratton, A. Gable, and P. M. M. Shetty, ed. Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism, in Immunization Safety Review, Institute of Medicine, Immunization Safety Review Committee (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001); B. Taylor, E. Miller, R. Lingam, et al., "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Bowel Problems or Developmental Regression in Children with Autism: Population Study," British Medical Journal 324 (2002): 393–96; K. Wilson, E. Mills, C. Ross, et al., "Association of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: A Systematic Review of Current Epidemiological Evidence," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 157 (2003): 628–34; E. Miller, "Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and the Development of Autism," Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 14 (2003): 199–206; K. M. Madsen and M. Vestergaard, "MMR Vaccination and Autism: What Is the Evidence for a Causal Association?" Drug Safety 27 (2004): 831–40; F. DeStefano and W. W. Thompson, "MMR Vaccine and Autism: An Update of the Scientific Evidence," Expert Reviews in Vaccines 3 (2004): 19–22; F. DeStefano, T. K. Bhasin, W. W. Thompson, et al., "Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children with Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta," Pediatrics 113 (2004): 259–66; H. Honda, Y. Shimizu, and M. Rutter, "No Effect of MMR Withdrawal on the Incidence of Autism: A Total Population Study," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric Allied Disciplines 46 (2005): 572–79.