Vaccinated Read online

  Brian Deer and the press: Fitzpatrick, MMR and Autism; B. Deer, "MMR Scare Doctor Faces List of Charges," www.timesonline.co.uk/ article/0.,2087–1774388,00.html; K. Birmingham and M. Cimons, "Reactions to MMR Immunization Scare," Nature Medicine Vaccine Supplement 4(1998): 478–79; G. Crowley and G. Brownwell, "Parents Wonder: Is It Safe to Vaccinate?" Newsweek, July 31, 2000; K. Seroussi, "We Cured Our Son's Autism," Parents, February 2000; D. Brown, "Autism's New Face," Washington Post, March 26, 2000; "Rash Worries," The Economist, April 11, 1998; A. Manning, "Vaccine-Autism Link Feared," USA Today, August 19, 1999; P. Anderson, "Another Media Scare about MMR Vaccine Hits Britain," British Medical Journal, June 12, 1999; B. Vastag, "Congressional Autism Hearings Continue: No Evidence MMR Vaccine Causes Disorder," Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 2567–69; "Does the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism?" Mothering, September/October 1998; S. Ramsey, "UK Starts Campaign to Reassure Parents about MMR-Vaccine Safety," Lancet 357 (2001): 290; N. Bragg, M. Ramsay, J. White, and Z. Bozoky, "Media Dents Confidence in MMR Vaccine," British Medical Journal 316 (1998): 561; J. Fischman, "Vaccine Worries Get Shot Down but Parents Still Fret," U.S. News and World Report, March 19, 2001.

  Mercury and autism: Excellent summary of current studies in the Institute of Medicine's Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, May 17, 2004), and Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, October 1, 2001).

  AAP-PHS statement on thimerosal: American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Environmental Health, "Thimerosal in Vaccines: An Interim Report to Clinicians," Pediatrics 104(1999): 570–74.

  Kennedy Rolling Stone article: R. F. Kennedy Jr., "Deadly Immunity," Rolling Stone, June 20, 2005.

  Schwarzenegger bans thimerosal: J. S. Lyon, "Dearth of Vaccines for Infants and Experts Urge Use for First Time," San Jose Mercury News, November 1, 2004.

  Evidence of Harm: D. Kirby, Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).

  Chelation death: K. Kane and V. Linn, "Boy Dies During Autism Treatment," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 25, 2005.

  Hilleman memo: M. Levin, "'91 Memo Warned of Mercury in Shots," Los Angeles Times, February 8, 2005.

  Thimerosal-autism studies: A. Hviid, M. Stellfeld, J. Wohlfahrt, and M. Melbye, "Association between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism," Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 1763–66; T. Verstraeten, R. L. Davis, F. DeStefano, et al., "Safety of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines: A Two-Phased Study of Computerized Health Maintenance Organization Databases," Pediatrics 112 (2003): 1039–48; J. Heron, J. Golding, and ALSPAC Study Team, "Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Show a Causal Association," Pediatrics 114 (2004): 577–83; N. Andrews, E. Miller, A. Grant, et al., "Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Show a Causal Association," Pediatrics, 114 (2004):584–91; S. Parker, B. Schwartz, J. Todd, and L. K. Pickering, "Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published Original Data," Pediatrics 114 (2004): 793–804; E. Fombonne, R. Zakarian, A. Bennett, et al., "Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and Links with Immunization," Pediatrics 118 (2006): 139–50.

  Choosing not to afford vaccines: J. Cohen, "U.S. Vaccine Supply Falls Seriously Short," Science 295 (2002): 1998–2001; National Vaccine Advisory Committee, "Strengthening the Supply of Routinely Recommended Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee," Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003): 3122–28; Committee on the Evaluation of Vaccine Purchase Financing in the United States, Institute of Medicine, Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2004); S. Stokley, K. M. Shaw, L. Barker, J. M. Santoli, and A. Shefer, "Impact of State Vaccine Financing Policy on Uptake of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine," American Journal of Public Health 96 (2006): 1308–13.

  John Q: New Line Cinema, 2002

  HPV vaccine controversy: J. Guyton, The coming storm over a cancer vaccine, Fortune, October 31, 2005.

  Vaccine profitability: S. Garber, Product Liability and the Economics of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices (Santa Monica: RAND, Institute for Civil Justice, 1993); R. Manning: "Economic Impact of Product Liability in U.S. Prescription Drug Markets," International Business Lawyer March 2001, and "Changing Rules in Tort Law and the Market for Childhood Vaccines," Journal of Law and Economics 37 (1994): 247–75; Institute of Medicine, Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2004); J. M. Wood, "Litigation Could Make Vaccines Extinct," The Scientist, January 19, 2004; T. Ginsberg, "Making Vaccines Worth It," Philadelphia Inquirer, September 24, 2006.

  Measles outbreak in John Hancock Tower: R. Know, "Measles Outbreak Shows Even Vaccinated at Risk," National Public Radio, June 21, 2006.

  Mumps epidemic in Midwest: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Mumps Epidemic: Iowa, 2006," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(2006): 366–68.

  Polio outbreak in The Netherlands: P. M. Oostvogel, J. K. van Wijngaarden, H. G. van der Avoort, et al., "Poliomyelitis Outbreak in an Unvaccinated Community in The Netherlands: 1992–93," Lancet 344 (1994): 665–70; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Follow-Up on Poliomyelitis—United States, Canada, Netherlands: 1979," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46 (1997): 1195–99; H. C. Rumke, P. M. Oostvogel, G. Van Steenis, and A. M. Van Loon, "Poliomyelitis in The Netherlands: A Review of Population Immunity and Exposure between the Epidemics in 1978 and 1992," Epidemiology and Infection 115 (1995): 289–98; H. Bijkerk, "Poliomyelitis Epidemic in the Netherlands: 1978," Developments in Biological Standardization 43 (1979): 195–206.

  Diphtheria outbreak in the former Soviet Union: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Update: Diphtheria Epidemic—New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, January 1995–March 1996," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 45 (1996): 693–97.

  Unrecognized Genius

  Strauss quote: Walter Strauss, personal communication, September 20, 2006.

  Leningrad and Urabe strains of mumps vaccine: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines.

  Hilleman obituary: L. Altman, "Maurice Hilleman, Master in Creating Vaccines, Dies at 85," New York Times, April 12, 2005.

  Fauci quote: "The Vaccine Hunter," BBC Radio 4, producer Pauline Moffatt, June 21, 2006.

  Strauss quote: Walter Strauss, personal communication, September 20, 2006.

  Röntgen: B. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).

  Sam Katz correction of Rolling Stone article: Salon. com, July 21, 2005.

  Salk and patent: J. Smith, Patenting the Sun.

  Twister: Warner Brothers, 1996.

  Robert Gallo quote: "The Vaccine Hunter," BBC Radio 4, producer Pauline Moffatt, June 21, 2006.

  Lorraine Hilleman quote: Interview, September 14, 2006.

  Jeryl Hilleman regarding photograph: Interview, March 11, 2005.

  Szmuness paper: W. Szmuness, C. D. Stevens, E. J. Harley, E. A. Zang, W. R. Oleszko, D. C. William, R. Sadovsky, J. M. Morrison, and A. Kellner, "Hepatitis B Vaccine: Demonstration of Efficacy in a Controlled Clinical Trial in a High-Risk Population in the United States," New England Journal of Medicine 303 (1980): 833–41.

  Measles outbreak, 1989–1991: Centers for Disease Control, "Public-Sector Vaccination Efforts in Response to the Resurgence of Measles among Preschool-Aged Children: United States, 1989–1991," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41 (1992): 522–25.

  Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize: "Alfred Nobel: The Man," http:// www.britannica.com/nobel/micro
/427_33.html; "Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel," Nobelprize.org, http://nobelprize.org.nobel/alfred-nobel/ biographical/will/ index.html; "Alfred Nobel," http://en.wikipedia.irg/wiki/ Alfred_Nobel.

  Salk and Eisenhower: J. Smith, Patenting the Sun.

  Salk obituary: R. Dulbecco, "Jonas Salk," Nature 376 (1995): 216.

  Undeserving Nobel Prizes: L. K. Altman, "Alfred Nobel and the Prize That Almost Didn't Happen," New York Times, September 26, 2006.

  Fauci quote: "The Vaccine Hunter," BBC Radio 4, producer Pauline Moffatt, June 21, 2006.

  Epilogue

  Roy Vagelos, Anthony Fauci, Lorraine Hilleman, Jeryl Hilleman, and Kirsten Hilleman all spoke at the symposium in Hilleman's honor at the American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

  American Philosophical Society: American Philosophical Society, http://www. amphilsoc.org; American Philosophical Society Library and Museum, http:// www.ushistory.org/tour/tour_philo.htm.

  Heat-shock proteins: E. Gilboa, "The Promise of Cancer Vaccines," Nature Reviews 4 (2004): 401–11; R. Suto and P. K. Srivastava, "A Mechanism for the Specific Immunogenicity of Heat-Shock Protein–Chaperoned Peptides," Science 269 (1995): 1585–88; A. Hoos and D. L. Levey, "Vaccination with Heat-Shock Protein-Peptide Complexes: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications," Expert Reviews of Vaccines 2 (2003): 369–79; P. K. Srivastava and M. R. Das, "Serologically Unique Surface Antigen of a Rat Hepatoma Is Also Its Tumor-Associated Transplant Antigen," International Journal of Cancer 33 (1984): 417–22.

  "Pass around a cup" quote: H. Collins, "The Man Who Changed Your Life," Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 1999.

  Faulkner quote: "William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, Stockholm, Sweden, December 10, 1950," http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/ faulkner/faulkner.html.

  Selected Bibliography

  Angell, Marsha. Science on Trial: The Clash of Medical Evidence and the Law in the Breast Implant Case. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1996.

  Austrian, Robert. Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.

  Barry, John. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking, 2004.

  Blumberg, Baruch. Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

  Bookchin, Debbie, and Jim Schumacher. The Virus and the Vaccine: The True Story of a Cancer-Causing Monkey Virus, Contaminated Polio Vaccine, and the Millions of Americans Exposed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004.

  Carter, Richard. Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk. New York: Trident Press 1966.

  Collins, Robert. Ernest William Goodpasture: Scientist, Scholar, Gentleman. Franklin, TN: Hillsboro Press, 2002.

  Debré, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

  De Kruif, Paul. Microbe Hunters. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1926.

  Etheridge, Elizabeth. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

  Fitzpatrick, Michael. MMR and Autism: What Parents Need to Know. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.

  Galambos, Louis, and Jane Eliot Sewell. Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharpe & Dohme, and Mulford, 1895–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  Geison, Gerald. The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

  240

  Hall, Stephen. Merchants of Immortality: Chasing the Dream of Human Life Extension. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

  Hayflick, Leonard. How and Why We Age. New York: Ballantine Books, 1994.

  Hilts, Philip. Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.

  Hilts, Philip. Rx for Survival: Why We Must Rise to the Global Health Challenge. New York: Penguin Press, 2005.

  Holton, Gerald, ed. The Twentieth Century Sciences: Studies in the Biography of Ideas. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1972.

  Huber, Peter. Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. New York: Basic Books, 1991.

  —. Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

  Kolata, Gina. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. New York: Touchstone, 1999.

  Koprowski, Hilary, and Michael B.A. Oldstone, eds. Microbe Hunters: Then and Now. Bloomington, IL: Medi-Ed Press, 1996.

  Lax, Eric. The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2004.

  Leuchtenburg, William. A Troubled Feast: American Society since 1945. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973.

  Marks, Harry. The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

  McNeill, William. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Books, 1976.

  Offit, Paul. The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005

  Oshinsky, David. Polio: An American Story. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005

  Park, Robert. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., and Bernardino Fantini, eds. Vaccinia, Vaccination, Vaccinology: Jenner, Pasteur and Their Successors. Paris: Elsevier, 1996.

  Plotkin, Stanley A., and Walter A. Orenstein, eds. Vaccines, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.

  Radetsky, Peter. The Invisible Invaders: The Story of the Emerging Age of Viruses. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.

  Rothman, David, and Sheila Rothman. The Willowbrook Wars: Bringing the Mentally Disabled into the Community. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction, 2005.

  Schreibman, Laura. The Science and Fiction of Autism. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2005.

  Shermer, Michael. Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudo-Science, Superstition, and Bogus Notions of Our Time. New York: MJF Books, 1997.

  Shorter, Edward. The Health Century. New York: Doubleday, 1987.

  Smith, Jane. Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990.

  Smith, Page, and Charles Daniel. The Chicken Book. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.

  Tucker, Jonathan. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.

  van Iterson, G., L.E. Den Dooren De Jong, and A. J. Kluyver. Martinus Willem Beijerinck: His Life and His Work. Madison: Science Tech, 1940.

  Weller, Thomas. Growing Pathogens in Tissue Cultures: Fifty Years in Academic tropical Medicine, Pediatrics, and Virology. Canton, MA: Scientific History Publications, 2004.

  Williams, Greer. Virus Hunters. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  I wish to thank Thomas J. Kelleher, senior editor, Smithsonian Books, for his superb editing, humor, and patience; Andrew Zack, for his unfailing belief in and support of this project; Bojana Ristich, for her lessons on style, form, and logic; Nina Long, for her guidance through the Wistar Institute’s archival material; David Rose, for his knowledge of the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation archives; and Alan Cohen, Brian Fisher, Peggy Flynn, Frank Hoke, Jason Kim, Kenyetta McDonald, Peggy McGratty, Donald Mitchell, Bonnie Offit, Jason Schwartz, Michael Smith, Kirsten Thistle, Amy Wilen, Allison Wahl, and Theo Zaoutis for their careful reading of the manuscript and their helpful suggestions and criticisms.

  I would also like to thank Arthur Allen, Robert Austrian, Art Caplan, Mark Feinberg, Penny Heaton, Leonard Hayflick, Jeryl Hilleman, Kirsten Hilleman, Lorraine Hilleman, Samuel Katz, Barbara Kuter, Margaret Liu, Adel Mahmoud, Charlotte Moser, Walter Orenstein, Bert Peltier, Georges Peter, Amy Pisani, Susan Plotkin, Stanley Plotkin, Phil Provost, Adam Ratner, Lance Rodewald, Wi
lliam Schaffner, Anne Schuchat, Keerti Shah, Joan Staub, Walter Strauss, Roy Vagelos, Robert Weibel, David Weiner, Jeffrey Weiser, and Deborah Wexler for their recollections of Maurice Hilleman or their expertise on the science or history of vaccines.

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