Vaccinated Read online

  Rubin test: H. Rubin: "A Virus in Chick Embryos Which Induces Resistance in vitro to Infection with Rous Sarcoma Virus," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 46 (1960): 1105–19," and "The Nature of a Virus-Induced Cellular Resistance to Rous Sarcoma Virus," Virology 13 (1961): 200–6.

  Kimber Farms: P. Smith and Daniel, Chicken Book; "Museum of Local History Exhibits Kimber Memorabilia," Tri-City Voice, December 21, 2004; Fremont's economy: http://www.geography.berkeley.edu/ProjectsResources/ CommunityProfiles/FremontProject/WebPage.

  Yellow fever vaccine and cancer: T. D. Waters, P. S. Anderson, G. W. Beebe, and R. W. Miller, "Yellow Fever Vaccination, Avian Leukosis Virus, and Cancer Risk in Man," Science 177 (1972): 76–77.

  Coughs, Colds, Cancers, and Chickens

  Marek's disease and vaccine: R. L. Witter, K. Nazerian, H. G. Purchase, and G. H. Burgoyne, "Isolation from Turkeys of a Cell-Associated Herpesvirus Antigenically Related to Marek's Disease Virus," American Journal of Veterinary Research 31 (1970): 525–38; M. R. Hilleman, "Marek's Disease Vaccine: Its Implications in Biology and Medicine," Avian Diseases 16 (1972): 191–99.

  Hubbard Farms: "Tribute to Hubbard Farms on Their 75th Anniversary Celebration," http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r104:S05SE6–1109; S. Aldag, "University of New Hampshire Will Honor Philanthropic Excellence on University Day," September 11, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture Insight, July 26, 2001, http://www.unh.edu/news/news_releases/2001/ july%20/sa_20010726hubbard.html.

  Penicillin: Lax, Mold.

  Isaacs and Lindenmann: J. Lindenmann, "From Interference to Interferon: A Brief Historical Introduction," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 299 (1982): 3–6; A. Isaacs and J. Lindenmann, "Virus Interference, I: The Interferon," Journal of Interferon Research 7 (1987): 429–38.

  Hilleman's interferon studies: G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Purification and Characterization of Chick Embryo Interferon," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 112 (1963): 468–78; G. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hill, a> "Characterization of Chick Embryo Interferon Induced by a DNA Virus," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 118 (1965): 441–48; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Multiple Molecular Species of Interferons of Mouse and of Rabbit Origin," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 121 (1966): 377–84; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance, I: Double-Stranded RNA from Extracts of Penicillium funiculosum," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 58 (1967): 782–89; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance, II: Multi-Stranded Synthetic Polynucleotide Complexes," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 58 (1967): 1004–10; A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; III: Double-Stranded RNA from Reovirus Type 3 Virions (REO 3-RNA)," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 58 (1967): 1719–22; A. K. Field, G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; IV: Double-Stranded Replicative form RNA (MS2-RF-RNA) from E. coli Infected with MS2 Coliphage," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 58 (1967): 2102–8; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; V: In vitro Studies," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 61 (1968): 340–46; V. M. Larson, W. R. Clark, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic (Poly I:C) and Viral Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids on Adenovirus 12 Oncogenesis in Hamsters," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 131 (1969): 1002–11; V. M. Larson, W. R. Clark, G. E. Dagle, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid, Poly I:C, on Friend Leukemia Virus in Mice," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 132 (1969): 602–7; M. M. Nemes, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; VI: Antiviral Efficacy of Poly I:C in Animal Models," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 132 (1969): 776–83; M. M. Nemes, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; VII: Antiviral Efficacy of Double-Stranded RNA of Natural Origin," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 132 (1969): 784–89; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Polyamines on Induction of Interferon and Resistance to Viruses by Synthetic Polynucleotides," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 132 (1969): 212–18;V. M. Larson, P. N. Panteleakis, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid (Poly I:C) on SV40 Viral Oncogenesis and Transplant Tumor in Hamsters," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 133 (1970): 14–19; M. R. Hilleman, "Some Preclinical Studies in Animal Models with Double-Stranded RNA's," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 173 (1970): 623–28; G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Relationship of Molecular Size of rIu:rCu (Poly I:C) to Induction of Interferon and Host Resistance," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 135 (1970): 911–16; A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Size of Individual Homopolynucleotides on the Physical and Biological Properties of Complexed rIu: rCu (Poly I:C)," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 135 (1970): 917–21; C. L. Baugh, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "In vitro Safety Assessment of Double-Stranded Polynucleotides Poly I:C and Mu–9," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 137 (1971): 1194–98; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Antigenicity of Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids Including Poly I: C," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 139 (1972): 1113–19; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Cellular Control of Interferon Production and Release after Treatment with Poly I:C Inducer," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 140 (1972): 710–14; A. K. Field, G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Demonstration of Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid in Concentrates of RNA Viruses," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 141 (1972): 440–44; G. P. Lampson, M. M. Nemes, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "The Effect of Altering the Size of Poly C on the Toxicity and Antigenicity of Poly I:C," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 141 (1972): 1068–72; B. Mendlowski, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Safety Assessment of Poly I:C in NZB/NZW Mice," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 148 (1975): 476–83; G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Poly I:C/Poly-L-Lysine: Potent Inducer of Interferons in Primates," Journal of Interferon Research 1 (1981): 539–49.

  Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines.

  History of the common cold: Williams, Virus Hunters; R. B. Couch, "Rhinoviruses," in Fields Virology, ed. D. M. Knipe and P. H. Howley, 4th ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001).

  Winston Price studies: Williams, Virus Hunters; "Text of Dr. Price's Report on Development of Cold Vaccine," New York Times, September 19, 1957; "Vaccine for a Type of Cold Reported Success in Tests," New York Times, September 19, 1957; "New Study Set on Cold Vaccines," New YorkTimes, September 20, 1957; "Vaccine Hailed in City," New York Times, September 20, 1957; D. G. Cooley, "Fighting the Common Cold," New York Times, September 22, 1957; "Visit to a Common Cold Laboratory," New York Times, November 3, 1957.

  Hilleman's studies of the common cold: Williams, Virus Hunters; V. V. Hamparian, A. Ketler, and M. R. Hilleman, "Recovery of New Viruses (Coryzavirus) from Cases of Common Cold in Human Adults," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 108 (1961): 444–53; C. M. Reilly, S. M. Hoch, J. Stokes Jr., L. McClelland,
V. V. Hamparian, A. Ketler, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Cases of Respiratory Illness Caused by Coryzaviruses," Annals of Internal Medicine 57 (1962): 515–25; A. Ketler, V. V. Hamparian, and M. R. Hilleman, "Characterization and Classification of ECHO 28-Rhinvovirus-Coryzavirus Agents," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 110 (1962): 821–31; C. M. Reilly, J. Stokes Jr., V. V. Hamparian, and M. R. Hilleman, "ECHO Virus, Type 25, in Respiratory Illness," Journal of Pediatrics 62 (1963): 536–39; V. V. Hamparian, M. R. Hilleman, and A. Ketler, "Contributions to Characterization and Classification of Animal Viruses," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 112 (1963): 1040–50; V. V. Hamparian, A. Ketler, and M. R. Hilleman, "The ECHO 28-Rhinovirus-Coryzavirus (ERC) Group of Viruses," American Review of Respiratory Diseases 88 (1963): 269–73; V. V. Hamparian, M. B. Leagus, M. R. Hilleman, and J. Stokes Jr., "Epidemiologic Investigations of Rhinovirus Infections," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 117 (1964): 469–76; V. V. Hamparian, M. B. Leagus, and M. R. Hilleman, "Additional Rhinovirus Serotypes," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 116 (1964): 976–84; C. C. Mascoli, M. B. Leagus, R. E. Weibel, H. Reinhart, and M. R. Hilleman, "Attempt at Immunization by Oral Feeding of Live Rhinovirus in Enteric-Coated Capsules," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 121 (1966): 1264–68; C. C. Mascoli, M. B. Leagus, M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and J. Stokes Jr., "Rhinovirus Infection in Nursery and Kindergarten Children: New Rhinovirus Serotype 54," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 124 (1967): 845–50; M. R. Hilleman, C. M. Reilly, J. Stokes Jr., and V. V. Hamparian, "Clinical-Epidemiologic Findings in Coryzavirus Infections," American Review of Respiratory Diseases 88 (1963): 274–76; M. R. Hilleman, "Present Knowledge of the Rhinovirus Group of Viruses," Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie Immunitatsforschun und Experimentellen Therapie 41 (1967): 1–22.

  The Monster Maker

  Stanley Plotkin was interviewed on February 15, 2005; Leonard Hayflick on November 6 and 7, 2006.

  Rubella disease: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines.

  Gregg: N. M. Gregg, "Congenital Cataract Following German Measles in the Mother," Transactions of the Ophthalmologic Society of Australia 3 (1941): 35–46; "Sir Norman McAlister Gregg, 1892–1966," American Journal of Ophthalmology 63 (1967): 180–81.

  Rubella epidemic, 1963–1964: Plotkin and Orenstein, Vaccines.

  Vietnam war deaths: National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/research/ vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html.

  Hilleman rubella vaccine studies: E. B. Buynak, M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and J. Stokes Jr., "Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccines Prepared in Duck Embryo Cell Culture," Journal of the American Medical Association 204 (1968): 195–200; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, J. E. Whitman, M. B. Leagus, and M. R. Hilleman, "Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccines Prepared in Duck Embryo Cell Culture, II: Clinical Tests in Families in an Institution," Journal of the American Medical Association 205 (1968): 554–58; M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, and J. Stokes Jr., "Live Attenuated Rubella Vaccine," New England Journal of Medicine 279 (1968): 300–303; M. R. Hilleman, "Toward Prophylaxis of Prenatal Infection by Viruses," Obstetrics and Gynecology 33 (1969): 461–69; M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, J. E. Whitman Jr., R. E. Weibel, and J. Stokes Jr., "Summary Report on Rubella Virus Vaccines Prepared in Duck Embryo Cell Culture," International Symposium on Rubella Vaccines, Symposium Series on Immunobiological Standards 11 (1969): 349–56; M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, J. E. Whitman Jr., R. E. Weibel, and J. Stokes Jr., "Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccines," American Journal of Diseases in Children 118 (1969): 166–71; J. Stokes Jr., R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical-Laboratory Findings in Adult Women Given HPV–77 Rubella Vaccine, International Symposium on Rubella Vaccines, Symposium Series Immunobiological Standards 11 (1969): 415–22; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Rubella Vaccination in Adult Females," New England Journal of Medicine 280 (1969): 682–85; J. Stokes Jr., R. E. Weibel, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Protective Efficacy of Duck Embryo Rubella Vaccines," Pediatrics 44 (1969): 217–24; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Live Rubella Vaccines in Adults and Children," American Journal of Diseases in Children 118 (1969): 226–29; E. B. Buynak, V. M. Larson, W. J. McAleer, C. C. Mascoli, and M. R. Hilleman, "Preparation and Testing of Duck Embryo Cell Culture Rubella Vaccine," American Journal of Diseases of Children 118 (1969): 347–54; T. A. Swartz, W. Klingberg, R. A. Goldwasser, M. A. Klingberg, N. Goldblum, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical Manifestations, According to Age, among Females Given HPV–77 Duck Rubella Vaccine," American Journal of Epidemiology 94 (1971): 246–51; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., E. R. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Age on Clinical Response to HPV–77 Duck Rubella Vaccine," Journal of the American Medical Association 222 (1972): 805–7; V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, G. C. Hernandez, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical Laboratory Evaluation of Rubella Vaccine Given to Postpartum Women without Pregnancy Preventive," Obstetrics and Gynecology 42 (1973): 689–95; R. E. Weibel, V. M. Villarejos, E. B. Klein, E. B. Buynak, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Clinical and Laboratory Studies of Live Attenuated RA27/3 and HPV77-DE Rubella Virus Vaccines," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 165 (1980): 44–49.

  Mary Lasker: Mary Lasker Papers, 1940–1993. http://www.columbia. edu/cu/libraries/indiv/rare/guides/Lasker/main.html; Congressional Gold Medal Recipients, Mary Woodard Lasker (1900–1994), http://www. congressionalgoldmedal.com/MaryLasker.htm; Mary Lasker's activism in the birth control movement, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ CarolASThompson/birthcon.html.

  Max Tishler: Max Tishler: Biographical memoirs, http://www.nap.edu/ readingroom/books/biomems/mtishler.html; Max Tishler: Professor of Chemistry, 1970–1987, http://wesleyan.edu/chem/Leermakers/max_tishler. html; National Inventors Hall of Fame: Max Tishler, http://www.invent. org/hall_of_fame/145.html.

  Roy Vagelos quote: Symposium in honor of Maurice R. Hilleman, American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

  Meyer and Parkman rubella vaccine studies: P. D. Parkman, H. M. Meyer, R. L. Kirchstein, and H. E. Hopps, "Attenuated Rubella Virus, I: Development and Laboratory Characterization," New England Journal of Medicine 275 (1966): 569–74; H. M. Meyer, P. D. Parkman, and T. C. Panos, "Attenuated Rubella Virus, II: Production of an Experimental Live-Virus Vaccine and Clinical Trial," New England Journal of Medicine 275 (1966): 575–80.

  Wistar Institute: The Wistar Institute, http://www.wistar.upenn.edu/ about_wistar/history.html; Caspar Wistar Papers, American Philosophical Society, http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/w/wistar.htm.

  Koprowski and Sabin polio vaccines: Oshinsky, Polio; J. Smith, Patenting the Sun; Carter, Breakthrough. 81 Hippocratic Oath: Hippocratic Oath, classical version, http://www.pbs. org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_classical.html; Hippocratic Oath, modern version, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html; "The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Guide," http://www. pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_today.html.

  Hayflick studies: Hall, Merchants of Immortality; J. W. Shay, and W. E. Wright, "Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Ageing," Nature 1 (2000): 72–76; L. Hayflick, "The Limited in vitro Lifetime of Human Diploid Cell Strains," Experimental Cell Research 37 (1965): 614–36.

  Telomeres and aging: M. A. Blasco, "Telomeres and Human Disease: Aging, Cancer and Beyond," Nature Reviews Genetics 6 (2005): 611–12; S, E, Artandi, "Telomeres, Telomerase, and Human Disease," New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 1195–97.

  Anaconda movie: Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid, Sony Pictures, 2004.

  Plotkin rubella vaccine studies: S. A. Plotkin, D. Cornfeld, and T. H. Ingalls, "Studies of Immunization with Living Rubella Virus," American Journal of Diseases of Children 110 (1965): 381–89; S. A. Plotkin, J. Farquhar, M. Katz, and T. H. Ingalls, "A N
ew Attenuated Rubella Virus Grown in Human Fibroblasts: Evidence for Reduced Nasopharyngeal Excretion, "American Journal of Epidemiology 86 (1967): 468–77; S. Saidi and K. Naficy, "Subcutaneous and Intranasal Administration of RA27/3 Rubella Vaccine," American Journal of Diseases of Children 118 (1969): 209–12; S. A. Plotkin, J. D. Farquhar, and M. Katz, "Attenuation of RA27/3 Rubella Virus in WI–38 Human Diploid Cells," American Journal of Diseases of Children 118 (1969): 178–85; D. M. Horstmann, H. Liebhaber, G. L. Le Bouvier, D. A. Rosenberg, and S. B. Halstead, "Rubella: Reinfection of Vaccinated and Naturally Immune Persons Exposed in an Epidemic," New England Journal of Medicine 283 (1970): 771–78; A. Fogel, A. Moshkowitz, L. Rannon, and C. B. Gerichter, "Comparative Trials of RA27/3 and Cendehill Rubella Vaccines in Adult and Adolescent Females," American Journal of Epidemiology 93 (1971): 392–98; H. Liebhaber, T. H. Ingalls, G. L. Le Bouvier, and D. M. Horstmann, "Vaccination with RA27/3 Rubella Vaccine," American Journal of Diseases of Children 123 (1972): 133–36; S. L. Spruance, L. E. Klock, A. Bailey, J. R. Ward, and C. B. Smith, "Recurrent Joint Symptoms in Children Vaccinated with HPV77DK12 Rubella Vaccine," Journal of Pediatrics 80 (1972): 413–17; S. A. Plotkin, J. D. Farquhar, and P. L. Ogra, "Immunologic Properties of RA27/3 Rubella Virus Vaccine: A Comparison with Strains Presently Licensed in the United States," Journal of the American Medical Association 225 (1973): 585–90; S. L. Spruance, R. Metcalf, C. B. Smith, M. M. Griffiths, and J. R. Ward, "Chronic Arthropathy Associated with Rubella Vaccination," Arthritis and Rheumatism 20 (1977): 741–77; B. F. Polk, J. F. Modlin, J. A. White, and P. C. DeGirolami, "A Controlled Comparison of Joint Reactions among Women Receiving One of Two Rubella Vaccines," American Journal of Epidemiology 115 (1982): 19–25; H. L. Nakhasi, D. Thomas, D. Zheng, and T.-Y. Liu, "Nucleotide Sequence of Capsid, E2, and E1 Protein Genes of Rubella Virus Vaccine Strain RA27/3," Nucleic Acids Research 17 (1989): 4393–94.